Background: In Saudi Arabia, little is known about the influence of mother’s health and sociodemographics, and the occurrence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: The study aimed at studying the relation between the mother’s health and sociodemographics, as well as child birth weight and feeding pattern and the occurrence of T1DM. Participants and Methods: This case-controlled study included 200 volunteering mothers and their children (99 cases with T1DM cases and 101 healthy controls attending the outpatient clinic of National Guards Health Affairs Hospital, Riyadh, during the period of September to November 2013. Mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire regarding child postnatal history, feeding pattern and health, mother’s age, health and sociodemographics as well as siblings’ history of T1DM. Results: The mean ages of cases with T1DM was significantly higher than controls (8.86 vs. 6.33, P <0.0001). At birth, cases had a significantly higher mean body weight compared to controls (3140.9 ± 561.3 vs. 2929.7 ± 564.4 gm, p = 0.009). Interestingly, mothers of cases had lower frequency of diabetes mellitus compared to mothers of controls (4% vs. 12%, P = 0.039). On the contrary, the frequency of T1DM was significantly higher among siblings of cases (19.2 vs. 5.9%, p = 0.005). Breastfeeding was low in both cases and controls (29.8% and 29.4%). However, early consumption of solid food (≤6 months) was significantly more frequent among cases than controls (92.4% and 80.3% respectively, p = 0.03). Although the frequency of cow milk consumption during the first year was high in both groups, consumption of ≥200 mL of cow milk was significantly more frequent among cases compared to controls (74% vs. 54.7%, respectively; p = 0.022). Conclusion: By univariate analysis, T1DM is associated with higher body weight at birth, earlier consumption of solid food and more consumption of cow milk during the first year of life. A significantly lower frequency of DM was observed among mothers of cases, but a significantly higher frequency of T1DM among siblings of children with T1DM. Al-Shammari RF. Potential Influence of Weight at Birth, Dietary and Maternal Factors on risk of Type I Diabetes Mellitus among Children Attending Ministry of National Guards Health Affairs Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. AUMJ, 2015 June 1; 2(2): 7 - 12.